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While many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, many other species have declined in numbers and some have become threatened with or even succumbed to extinction.

Among the 10 species that have gone extinct since 1600 (the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions) are two of the world's most famous extinct species, the Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon.

The extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was exceptional for a number of reasons, including its being the only non-island pigeon species to become extinct in modern times. It was once the most numerous species of bird on Earth.

Its former numbers are difficult to estimate but one ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, estimated that one flock he observed contained over two billion birds. The decline of the species was abrupt; in 1871 a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds, yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914.

Although habitat loss was a contributing factor, the species is thought to have been massively overhunted, being used as food for slaves and, later, the poor in the United States throughout the 19th century.

Here are somme of the rare pigeons breeds species:

* Subfamily Columbinae – typical pigeons & doves
           Genus Columba including Aplopelia – Old World pigeons (33-34 living species, 2-3 recently extinct)
           Genus Streptopelia including Stigmatopelia and Nesoenas – turtledoves (14-18 living species)
           Genus Patagioenas – American pigeons; formerly included in Columba (17 species)
           Genus Macropygia (10 species)
           Genus Reinwardtoena (3 species)
           Genus Turacoena (2 species)

   * Subfamily Columbininae – American ground doves
           Genus Columbina (7 species)
           Genus Claravis (3 species)
           Genus Metriopelia (4 species)
           Genus Scardafella – possibly belongs into Columbina (2 species)
           Genus Uropelia – Long-tailed Ground Dove

 
  * Subfamily N.N. – Indopacific ground doves
           Genus Gallicolumba (16-17 living species, 3-4 recently extinct)
           Genus Trugon – Thick-billed Ground Pigeon

   
* Subfamily Otidiphabinae – Pheasant Pigeon
           Genus Otidiphaps – Pheasant Pigeon

  
 * Subfamily Didunculinae – Tooth-billed Pigeon
           Genus Didunculus – Tooth-billed Pigeon

  
 * Subfamily Gourinae – crowned pigeons
           Genus Goura (3 species)

 
   * Subfamily N.N. ("Treroninae") – green and fruit-doves and imperial pigeons
           Genus Ducula – imperial-pigeons (36 species)
           Genus Lopholaimus – Topknot Pigeon
           Genus Hemiphaga (2 species)
           Genus Cryptophaps – Sombre Pigeon
           Genus Gymnophaps – mountain-pigeons (3 species)
           Genus Ptilinopus – fruit-doves (some 50 living species, 1-2 recently extinct)
           Genus Natunaornis – Viti Levu Giant Pigeon (prehistoric)
           Genus Drepanoptila – Cloven-feathered Dove
           Genus Alectroenas – blue pigeons (3 living species)

  
 * Subfamily Raphinae – didines
           Genus Raphus – Dodo (extinct; late 17th century)
           Genus Pezophaps – Rodrigues Solitaire (extinct; c.1730)

 
  * Placement unresolved
           Genus Caloenas – Nicobar Pigeon
           Genus Treron – green pigeons (23 species)
           Genus Phapitreron – brown doves (3 species)
           Genus Leucosarcia – Wonga Pigeon
           Genus Microgoura – Choiseul Crested Pigeon (extinct; early 20th century)
           Genus Dysmoropelia – St Helena Dove (extinct)
 
 
* Subfamily N.N. – Bronzewings and relatives
           Genus Turtur – African wood-doves (5 species; tentatively placed here)
           Genus Oena – Namaqua Dove (tentatively placed here)
           Genus Chalcophaps (2 species)
           Genus Henicophaps (2 species)
           Genus Phaps (3 species)
           Genus Ocyphaps – Crested Pigeon
           Genus Geophaps (3 species)
           Genus Petrophassa – rock-pigeons (2 species)
           Genus Geopelia (3–5 species)

 
  * Subfamily Leptotilinae – Zenaidine and quail-doves
           Genus Zenaida (7 species)
           Genus Ectopistes – Passenger Pigeon (extinct; 1914)
           Genus Leptotila (11 species)
           Genus Geotrygon – quail-doves (16 species)
           Genus Starnoenas – Blue-headed Quail-dove

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