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The disease may affect the liver severely, especially when one of the more deadly strains is involved. Here, "going light" may be the first sign of illness.

Another important sign when the liver is severely involved is a puffiness in the abdomen, which can be detected by examination of the area between the keel and the vent bones.

Occasionally, the mouth and the whites of the eyes may have a yellow discolouration in this situation. It is common for involvement of the liver to occur in youngsters in the period soon after weaning when stresses are very high.

At that time, depending on the strain of organism involved, one or more youngsters in a group of recently weaned birds may be affected. They go off feed, are listless and sit in a hunched posture with feathers ruffled.

A commonly used drug in treatment is Emtryl, even though in Europe, strains of the organism are developing resistance to this drug, likely through misuse of the drug, ie, underdosing.

This product is usually purchased as a 40% water-soluble powder that is added to the drinking water at the rate of 1 level teaspoon (3 grams) per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres). Birds should be treated for a minimum of 5 days, and not longer than 7 days. Don't buy the feed-grade formulation of Emtryl.

One problem is that Emtryl can be poisonous. Commonly, birds are overdosed during hot weather or when they are raising youngsters, or both, because of their greater need for more water. In my experience, this tends to happen when fanciers leave Emtryl-treated water before the birds 24 hours a day in hot weather.

One of the dramatic side effects is to see Emtryl-poisoned pigeons flopping upside down on the floor of the loft, with the remainder of the birds in the loft terrified by this aberrant behaviour. Other, more subtle nervous signs of poisoning can be detected by the observant fancier. If these signs occur, simply remove the treated water and replace it with fresh, clean water, and affected birds will often recover in a day or so.

Fanciers may attempt to compensate during hot weather by cutting the dosage. However, such an approach (as well as putting Emtryl on the end of a toothpick and dropping it into the mouth of a bird -- avoid this procedure) opens the door widely to the development of resistance by the canker organism, and since there seem to be fewer and fewer effective anti-canker products on the market, it is important not to squander perhaps one of the few remaining arrows in our quiver, so to speak.

Luckily, there is a practical solution that should avoid both lower dosages and the possibility of resistance. The practical answer is one that was proposed several years ago by an Australian biologist. Having tried it many times, I am convinced that it works, and works well. Here is what the Aussie report recommended.

At the evening feeding, make up the correct dosage of Emtryl in the drinking water, that is, one level teaspoon of Emtryl per imperial gallon. The Aussie who proposed this method recommended that treated water be placed in the loft and left for a couple of hours or so, after which, the medicated water is thrown out and replaced with fresh untreated water for the next 24 hours.

At this time, on the next evening, water containing the same correct dosage is placed in the loft and left for two hours or so, then replaced with fresh water until the next evening. This process is repeated each evening for a total of 5-7 days. This practical answer has two major advantages. Firstly, the birds receive the correct therapeutic dosage of Emtryl for the required number of days. Secondly, the problem with poisoning seems to be largely avoided.

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